ISSN 1392-267X (print) ISSN 2669-2198 (online) Terminologija (En Terminology) is an international peer reviewed research journal of Lithuanian and general linguistic terminology. It has been published since 1994. Terminologija deals with the theory and practice of terminology, tries to cover various fields of Lithuanian terminology, to introduce the terminological experience of other countries, the newest foreign terminology ideas. Terminologija is published annually. Editor-in-chief: dr. Albina Auksoriūtė. To ensure worldwide research dissemination, the journal provides immediate open access to its content. Users can read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles in this journal without asking prior permission from the publisher or the author. The journal does not charge article processing charges or submission charges.
Christian Galinski at 80: A Pillar of Terminology Studies and Global Communication
Reviews, Surveys, Information, Bibliography
Challenges in Using Lithuanian Equivalents of “Sustainable Development” in Social Sciences
MOVEMENTS and DIRECTIONS, CONSTRUCTIONS and FORCES: Prevalent Metaphorical Source Domains in Hungarian Legal Texts
By employing a functional cognitive frame, this paper focuses on the semantics of metaphorical technical terms in the Hungarian legal language. Although the importance of unambiguous terms in such language use is often emphasised, conceptual metaphors foster understanding of technical texts. The present research concentrates on three types of frequently occurring metaphors in the Hungarian technical texts of quality management and Hungarian laws. These metaphors and metaphorical expressions contain the source domains MOVEMENTS and DIRECTIONS, CONSTRUCTIONS and FORCES. The analysis characterises these prototypical metaphors and their functions in legal texts, employing examples from the Hungarian texts of two important laws, namely the Fundamental Law of Hungary, and Act C of 2012 the Criminal Code of Hungary.
The Importance of Business Terminology in Specialised Translations
This paper presents an analysis of the importance of business terminology in specialised translations with a focus on two different scenarios that were identified based on the corpora that were analysed, namely business contracts and business journalese, which require different approaches, instruments and strategies. The aspects that are analysed in this paper include the translation of collocations, the translation of figurative language and the translation of polysemous lexical units. The paper highlights the importance of empowering business translators by ensuring that they have the terminological research competence that will enable them to avoid and resolve ambiguities, to identify terminological equivalences and to enhance the quality of their translations.
Mythonymic Terms in Lithuania’s First Psychiatry Textbook from the Inter-war Era
The article structurally dissects the psychiatry terms made with the names of mythological creatures that appear in the 1935 Įvadas į psichiatriją (Introduction to Psychiatry) by Juozas Blažys, the famous Lithuanian psychiatrist – the first psychiatry textbook to be published in Lithuania in the period between the two world wars. Nearly all terms are derived from the classical (Greek and Latin) languages or are readily borrowed from them through intermediary languages and adapted to the system of the Lithuanian language. While writing the textbook, Blažys relied on printed work by his colleagues and most probably adopted the terms from those sources. Mythonyms of Greek and Latin origin that appear in the structure of psychiatry terms are archaic universalities with unequivocal meaning across all languages; as a result, the psychiatry terms that derive from them travel from one language to the next, constituting an important part of the international eponymic terminology of psychiatry. Most of the terms featured in the textbook are mythonyms made by way of absolute (direct, affixal, and composite) and, on very few occasions, partial appellativisation. The most common are composite appellatives (such as kleptomanija (kleptomania)) that include a component grounded on a post-positional mythonym. Among affixal appellatives, suffixal appellatives with the productive suffix -izmas (such as morfinizmas (morphinism)) have prevalence, while prefixal appellatives (such as amnezija (amnesia)) are uncommon.
Translators’ Resource Dominance and the Success of Finding the Target Terms in Human Translation and Post-editing of Machine Translation
This study presents the first results of process-oriented research on the types of online translation resources used by first- and second-year translation trainees when translating and post-editing a legal text from English into Hungarian. Based on the screen recordings of the students’ workflow, the possible relations between resource dominance (termino-lexicographic or text-based), time on task and the success of finding the correct target terms were analysed. Our results indicate that students generally prefer termino-lexicographic sources to text-based sources. Interestingly, in most cases, the success of finding the correct target terms showed no significant correlations either with time on task or with resource dominance. The only exception was the post-editor group, where there was a significant correlation between the frequency of using text-based sources and the success of finding correct terms. In addition, evidence was found that post-editors worked more efficiently than from-scratch human translators in terms of time and search effort. The paper ends with possible explanations of the findings and suggestions for translator training.
Copyright (c) 2024 Eszter Sermann, Márta Lesznyák
Peculiarities in the Structure of Definitions of Specific Terms of Geography
The process of defining a concept within in any field is a sophisticated and systematic endeavor that requires expertise in the subject matter. The result of this process is the definition of term. Each term carries unique definition. It helps to link a concept to the term that represents it. The article analyses the definitions of 648 specific terms founded in Aiškinamasis geografijos terminų žodynas issued in 2021 (Explanatory Dictionary of Geographical Terms, 2021), shortly overviewing the definitions‘ requirements and identifying definitions‘ models of specific terms. The most common model of definition of specific terms is such model, when at the beginning of definition is told logical dominant and after comma the essential attributes of definition are indicated. This logical dominant is defined as a general term in the dictionary. The other four models of definition of specific terms are less productive, some of them can be readily transformed into the most common model of definition.
Copyright (c) 2024 Aušra Rimkutė-Ganusauskienė
Conceptual Equivalence in Multilingual EU Terminology – Challenges and Possible Solutions
This article examines the implications of concept orientation for translation-oriented multilingual terminology work in the European Union context. Terms and concepts in EU texts can be divided into three groups based on their universality or specificity to a particular conceptual system: universal, EU-specific, and country-specific. These terms often appear together in EU texts, and translators must be aware of their nature to find the best equivalent in the target language. The paper outlines strategies for translators dealing with different types of terms. It also discusses the challenges of translating universal terms with country-specific dimensions. It highlights how a lack of equivalence information and confusion between universal and country-specific terms can compromise terminology entries. Due to the diversity of legal systems in the 27 Member States, the lack of an equivalent term in the target language requires translators to choose between inexact or partial equivalents. It is therefore crucial to indicate in a terminological database the absence of conceptually equivalent terms in the target language. To assist translators, IATE, the EU’s concept-oriented terminology database, provides information on the origin of terms and the degree of equivalence between concepts expressed by specific terms in different languages. However, this information is not always systematic. It can often only be obtained after thoroughly examining several data fields. It is argued that systematically indicating the EU-, or country-specific origin of the concept represented by the database entry, together with the introduction of a new optional transfer comment field to clarify the degree of equivalence between terms, as seen in other multilingual termbases, would greatly benefit translators by providing a clearer understanding of equivalence relationships and helping them to make informed choices when selecting target language terms.
Copyright (c) 2024 Orsolya Hedvig Kardos
Terminology Work, Terminology Management, Terminography – Potato, Patato or Not Exactly?
This paper focuses on the definitions of three broad concepts of Terminology which are sometimes considered identical, sometimes partly overlapping, and sometimes different – terminology work, terminology management, and terminography. I use the latest editions of ISO standards on terminology work, terminology policies, and terminology products, as well as the two biggest manuals on terminology and terminology management as my research material. The methodology includes textual analysis, concept analysis, and semantic analysis. The referential part is followed by an analytical section, after which a set of principles is established for redefining the concepts, and tentative proposals are made on how they may be redefined.
The History and Recent Trends of Terminology in Hungary in the 21st Century
The purpose of this article is to provide a review of the history and recent trends of terminology that impacted the evolution of terminology in Hungary in the 21st century. The last two decades brought effective changes in higher education, vocational training, scientific qualification, and publication in Hungary. All these changes provided an opportunity for better understanding, development, and teaching of terminology theory and terminology management, as well as strengthening international relations and starting a dialogue about Hungarian terminology policies. The paper first presents the significant changes in Hungarian terminology in the last two decades from the perspective of language rights and then focuses on the most important scientific publications in the field of terminology. The paper also highlights and presents in more detail the domains in which significant terminological work has been carried out in the previous two decades: Hungarian terms of law and public administration, EU-specific terms, medical terms, and terminology and nomenclature of natural sciences.the community.
Terminology and Microlearning: Contrasting Their Respective Methods and Content
In the field of terminology, a distinction is made between terminological science and its methods on the one hand and terminology (or terminologies) in the sense of terminological data on the other. Concerning microlearning you can make a similar distinction between Microlearning as a subject field with its methods and microlearning objects in the sense of information objects for teaching and learning. The two fields are stemming from totally different roots. Their practical results, viz. terminological entries and microlearning objects (microLO) – especially if they represent scientific or technical concepts – have much in common when comparing their metadata. Different communicative roles distinguish terminological entries – which are concept-based by default – from concept-based microlearning objects (CBmicroLO). From a microcontent perspective, Blanca Stella Giraldo Pérez (2022) proposes a generic approach to achieve comprehensive content interoperability between terminological entries and CBmicroLOs, which both are different kinds of concept-based microcontent entries (CBmicroCE), though with different communicative roles. Under this perspective, they have much in common and could largely benefit from improved content interoperability. The generic approach proposed may also apply to other kinds of CBmicroCEs, especially in Linked Open Data (LOD) environments. In this connection, the application of the FAIR Guiding Principles (findability, accessibility, interoperability, and reusability of structured content) is essential. To achieve this aim, the authors propose standardization activities to arrive at a harmonized methodology for all kinds of CBmicroCEs – including the harmonization of the metadata (especially the core metadata) involved.
concept-based microlearning object (CBmicroLO)
Copyright (c) 2024 Blanca Stella Giraldo Pérez, Christian Galinski
Seven Good Reasons for a Better Account of Fine-grained Polysemy in Terminological Resources
A quick look at terminological resources can give the wrong impression that polysemy is something that occurs only occasionally in specialized domains. These kinds of resources seldom account for the different meanings a linguistic unit or expression can carry in the same domain and, even when they do, the distinction between closely related meanings is not explained in ways that would allow unfamiliar users to grasp them correctly. This can be explained partly by the fact that polysemy is considered to be reduced or non-existent in specialized subject fields. It can also be explained by the theoretical assumption still relayed in some textbooks that the “ideal” term is typically monosemic. However, multiple meanings do co-exist in given specialized domains and corpora and many reasons would justify a more adequate treatment of polysemy in resources. We examine seven reasons in this article: subject field boundaries are not enough; imprecise definitions; general language dictionaries are not enough; different meanings affect combinatorics; lexical relations are linked to distinct meanings; different government patterns; different equivalence relations.
Copyright (c) 2024 Marie-Claude L’Homme
Index of titles of publications in issues 21–30 of Terminologija
Antonymy of Medical Terms in "Vidaus ligų klinikos vadovėlis" (1928–1930)
The article deals with the antonymic medical terms in Vidaus ligų klinikos vadovėlis (Textbook of Cliniccal Symptoms of Internal Diseases) (1928–1930), the landmark five-volume work by Kazimieras Buinevičius (1872–1953), Lithuanian physician of the inter-war era. It explains the ways in which antonymy is expressed, discusses the structure of antonymic terms and the types of the opposites that link them. Antonymy is not a rare semantic phenomenon amidst the medical terms of the textbook: pairs of antonymous medical terms usually function within the same sentence, and sometimes in the contiguous context as well (on the same or an adjacent page, as a rule). Antonymy of medical terms is usually devised by way of lexis, less often through formation (with the prefix ne- ‘non-’ being the most productive means of formation). Pairs of antonymous medical terms are related by three types of opposites: contradictory (most common), contrary, and vector. It was established that the antonymy of compound terms in the textbook (mostly) arises from the subordinate components (which are mostly represented by simple, relative, and pronominal adjectives and less commonly by participles) and the main components (mostly represented by nouns with the suffix -imas) that share antonymic links. Quite a few of these means of expression are involved in forming more than just one compound medical term. Since the research showed that the subordinate components in compound medical terms were largely words of the common lexis, it can be argued that the antonymy in the terminology of the textbook had been inherited from the antonymy of the common lexis rather than from any classification of medical terms. A typical characteristic of the antonymy of the medical terms in the textbook is that the antonymic elements of compound terms are not always consistent in their expression: there are some instances of partial antonymy, while the collision of antonymy and simple negation leads to a possibility of quasi-antonyms and working antonyms (i.e., those that occur in the discourse of the text).
Substantivization and Nounness in Architectural and Construction Terminology
The article examines issues of substantivisation and nominalisation based on dictionaries of architecture and construction terminology, as well as scientific and educational literature in these fields. It identifies the degrees to which adjectives with the suffixes -inis, -inė, pronominal adjectives, participles, and compound adjectives in architecture and construction terminology undergo substantivisation. It evaluates the thematic groups that tend to undergo the most substantivisation in terms of adjectives and participles included within these terms.
"Lietuvos", "lietuvių", or "lietuviškas skalikas": Problems of Using Dog Breed Names
The article examines the reasons why the names Lietuvos skalikas and lietuviškas skalikas, which are sometimes used in the public and in the media for the national dog breed, may have arisen, although the term lietuvių skalikas [Lithuanian Hound] is well established in the field of cynology. To achieve this goal, 283 breed names were analysed, classified into four groups, and checked whether a system of dog breed names is available and what type of attributes are used for other terms in Lithuanian cynology. To identify the naming trends of animals that have been bred in Lithuania, the names have been verified in the official sources of the authorities. The international naming system for dog breeds is also investigated to determine whether it may have influenced the Lithuanian tradition.
Copyright (c) 2023 Anželika Smetonienė, Marius Smetona
Eponymous Clothing Terms in "Aiškinamasis aprangos terminų žodynas" (Explanatory Dictionary of Clothing Terms)
The article examines the eponymous clothing terms found in Aiškinamasis aprangos terminų žodynas (2014; Explanatory Dictionary of Clothing Terms) prepared by Stanislovas Algimantas Ratautas, Eugenija Strazdienė, and Ada Gulbinienė. Based on the works of Lithuanian and foreign linguists, the concept of eponym and eponymous term is discussed, the most common disadvantages and advantages of eponymous terms are mentioned. It is concluded that although eponymous clothing terms are relatively rare, they complement clothing terminology and are very important: in some cases, they are the only names for clothing concepts. The largest number of eponymous clothing terms found are based on anthroponyms and toponyms. Terms derived from male surnames predominate. Eponymous clothing terms are full-fledged terms alongside non-eponymous terms.
Copyright (c) 2023 Aušra Rimkutė-Ganusauskienė
The Latest Lithuanian Terminological Dictionaries
Copyright (c) 2023 Jolanta Gaivenytė-Butler
5th International Scientific Conference “Scientific, Administrative and Educational Dimensions of Terminology”
A Three-in-One Terminology Handbook: To Teach, Harmonise, and Support Terminology Policy Aims in the Legal Domain in Hungary
Copyright (c) 2023 Dóra Mária Tamás, Szilvia Szoták
Term Bank of the Republic of Lithuania: 20 Years After Passing the Law
The Term Bank of the Republic of Lithuania was established in accordance with the Law on the Term Bank of the Republic of Lithuania adopted twenty years ago. On the occasion of the anniversary, the article examines the history and development of the Term Bank, focusing on both the legal regulation and the content of the database. The contribution of public institutions to the Term Bank and the characteristics of the legal term entries are examined.
Variation of Macroeconomic Terms with a Personal Name
The article deals with compound terms used in Lithuanian macroeconomics textbooks, which are formed with personal names. It reviews the uncertainties related to the evaluation of such terms, the relationship between the term formed with a personal name and the eponymous term, and aims to reveal the variation of terms used in these sources. Some of the reasons for this variation and the peculiarities of the use of such terms are highlighted.
Modernisation of Terminology Teaching Methods in Interdisciplinary Translation and Interpreting Studies
The Department of Translation and Interpreting in Skopje, North Macedonia offers undergraduate studies where key competences for translators and interpreters are developed. In addition to translation and interpreting competence, students also develop cultural competence, thematic and domain-specific knowledge, digital skills and generic “soft” skills. Knowledge of terminology plays a key role in the training of translators and interpreters. Hence, terminology is taught as a separate course in several different domain at undergraduate level. This paper examines the research question whether the applied terminology teaching approach at the author’s department is effective for terminology learning and skills development in students’ opinion. For that purpose, a research project was implemented entitled “Modernization of Terminology Teaching Methods at Interdisciplinary Translation and Interpreting Studies” in January 2020 – September 2021, which involved teachers on seven terminological courses. This paper provides an overview of the project activities and results of relevance for translation- and interpreting-oriented terminology teaching and learning. Furthermore, the aim of this paper is to present the results of a survey research on the effectiveness of the terminology teaching approach adopted at the author’s department, thus aiming to contribute to improving the terminology teaching design for translation and interpreting education.
Copyright (c) 2023 Milena Sazdovska Pigulovska
Terminological Variation in Specialised Discourse: The Case of the Mediterranean Diet
In this work, we show how terminological variation produced among different groups of specialists affects terminological databases. We use the Mediterranean Diet as a case study, a composite domain where traditional activities have their own embedded knowledge and terminology, however, seldom accounted for in main terminological resources. Though inevitable, variation sprouting from different communities needs to be properly handled and explained. We propose a perspective on the concept of specialist and specialised discourse, allowing for a more efficient organisation of specialised corpora and a better grasp of the origins of diastratic variation. We also present a theoretical framework, based on ecolinguistics, for domains where traditional communities play the role of specialists. We aim to contribute to help communicative mediators in better decision-making and informed choices according to their target.
Creating an English-Hungarian Termbase for Laser Physics The DictionELI
Copyright (c) 2015 Ágota Fóris, Eszter B. Papp
Expectations of the Latvian Dictionary Users on the Ideal Terminological Dictionary
While studying the state of contemporary Latvian terminography, it has to be acknowledged that there is a lack of well-designed dictionaries with introductions that explain the principles and intentions of creating the dictionary; there are no references to the resources or other indicators that are important to the dictionary user. Before publishing any dictionary, lexicographers should be aware of the target users, but there is a lack of studies on the habits and needs of the users of the terminological dictionary. A continued study into the attitudes and habits of dictionary users is needed to make clear what the public expects from a terminological dictionary, and that is why a survey was conducted among 161 Latvian bachelor, master, and doctoral students with regard to dictionary use and culture. This empirical research presents a result of a preliminary study on the opinions, attitudes, and habits of Latvian dictionary users regarding the use of terminological dictionaries and their dictionary culture. The aim of the report is to present and discuss answers to one of the open questions in the survey: “In your opinion, what characteristics should the ideal terminological dictionary have?” By mentioning some of the statements to be drawn from the survey, it should be highlighted that the dictionary user in Latvia wants the dictionaries to have an introduction that explains everything that the user is looking for. Being aware that it is almost impossible to create an ideal dictionary, a number of aspects that are relevant to the user are reflected on in the report.
Copyright (c) 2022 Elīna Peina, Anita Helviga
Linguistic Approaches to Technical Documentation and Technical Texts