ISSN 2351-7204 (online) The journal Standard Language is a scientific international online peer-reviewed journal that focuses on language variation, also political, theoretical, practical and other aspects of language(s) and language use as well as on adaptation and standardization of language(s) (and dialects) and the like. It has been published since 1961 (until 2014 the title was Kalbos kultūra – Language Culture); the online journal version is available since 2014. Editor-in-chief of the journal is dr. Vilija Sakalauskienė. To ensure worldwide research dissemination, the journal provides immediate open access to its content. Users can read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles in this journal without asking prior permission from the publisher or the author. The journal does not charge article processing charges or submission charges.
Control or adjoining: the genitive means non-agreeing attribute and prepositional construction
The article reviews the estimation presented in the scientific literature regarding the subordinating relation in word combinations. The opinion of other authors on the relationships of control and adjoining are examined in more detail, especially in contested cases. The author draws attention to the relationship of genitive case of the noun, which is a non-agreeing attribute, with the head word, and also discusses cases of control and adjoining the genitive of the noun. Prepositional constructions are also discussed separately in aspect of control and adjoining.
The diaries of Emilia Wróblewska, née Beniowska, from years 1850–1886 as a source for linguistic and cultural research
The article shows various research perspectives opening up for linguists and historians of culture due to analysis of the rich diaristic legacy of Emilia Wróblewska, stored in the Manuscripts Department of the Wroblewski Library of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences in Vilnius. The writings of a relatively little-known author from the 19th-century Lithuania deserve multifaceted humanistic reflection and wider introduction to the wider scientific community. Thus, the aim of the current documentation and research project is presenting Wróblewska's manuscripts in the form of a digital edition with a critical study, and showing the ideological, linguistic and literary aspects of women’s intimist literature written at the time of Partitions and domination of the Russian Empire.
Polish language from the former North-Eastern Borderlands
Copyright (c) 2024 Zofia Sawaniewska-Mochowa
Constructions with preposition „tarp“ in administrative Lithuanian language
The article analyses the usage of the preposition tarp in the administrative Lithuanian language. Although this preposition is not common, certain doubts about its usage have arisen due to the influence of English, which comes through translations of documents of the EU institutions. Research has revealed that the constructions with this preposition became more prevalent in the documents from the early 21st century. Their usage depends on a fairly precisely defined meaning of a certain limitation, presence in the middle of something or interrelations, and normative recommendations are based on that as well. Attributive constructions are more characteristic of administrative language, and their usage is also related to the capacity of the modified noun to govern constructions with the preposition tarp.
Accentuation tendencies of declinable words in the manuscript sources of the Eastern Aukštaitian subdialect of Utena from the 1950s–1960s
- The article examines the manuscript sources of the Eastern Aukštaitian subdialect of Utena dating to the 1950s–1960s, which are stored in the Dialect Archive of the Centre of Geolinguistics at the Institute of the Lithuanian Language and which have not yet been thoroughly studied by linguists from the perspective of accentuation. The study aims to determine the accentuation tendencies of declinable words found in these descriptions (presented in responses to the questions of the Program of Material Collection for the Atlas of the Lithuanian Language and in transcribed texts). Based on the substantial amount of material, the article discusses the accentuation patterns, the accentuation variants of words and word forms prevalent in the subdialect of Utena during the studied period, along with the possible reasons for their existence. A list of word forms with accentual variants within the same local dialect is provided. The study examines how the accentuation of declinable words and their forms in the Eastern Aukštaitian subdialect of Utena during the 1950s–1960s was influenced by factors such as the formation of the rule of stress retraction, the morphological levelling of paradigms, the preservation of ancient accentuation relics, the decline of the accentual and semantic model of two plural forms (simple and collective), the tendency toward oxytone accentuation, and other factors.
Methodological Innovations in the Study of Linguistic Variation
Copyright (c) 2024 Diana Dambrauskienė, Jogilė Teresa Ramonaitė, Nijolė Tuomienė
Dialect Dictionary as a Cultural Text: The Linguistic and Cultural Image of WHEAT
The abundance of examples and definitions from dialects and folklore in dialect dictionaries makes these dictionaries a source to rely upon. For the very same reason, dialect dictionaries carry the important meaning of authentic texts. This article scrutinises the linguistic and cultural image of wheat, one of the four grain staples in Lithuania, as highlighted by the data from the big Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language and other sources of Lithuanian lexicography. The word wheat is known and used across all dialects of the Lithuanian language. The study focuses on the connection between wheat and the human existence and folk culture, the value that it provides to the human being, and the value wheat holds compared to other grains. The amount of data on wheat available in lexicographical sources makes it possible for the cultural image of this plant to be analysed using the methodology developed by the ethnolinguistic school of Lublin. Notably, dialect dictionaries offer material that is much more limited in scope compared to folklore narratives. However, if one were to rely on the latter, dictionary material can prove to be a sufficient source for ethnolinguistic information about the linguistic image of plants.
„This is pretty, but so damaging” – the Linguistic and cultural Image of Corncockle in Polish Folk Tradition
The article presents the linguistic and cultural image of corncockle, a plant that is categorized as a weed, a flower or a herb. The full version of the entry for corncockle (Polish: KĄKOL) will be included in the Dictionary of Folk Stereotypes and Symbols, the volume Mushrooms, Weeds, Plant Clusters, part VIII, edited by Jerzy Bartmiński and Stanisława Niebrzegowska-Bartmińska. In accordance with the assumptions of the cognitive definition, the folk image of corncockle was reconstructed on the basis of linguistic data (including various types of texts of folklore: proverbs, songs, belief stories, written peasant poetry) and the so-called co-linguisticata (i.e. records of beliefs and descriptions of folk practices: ritualistic, magical, or medicinal). The documentary material comes from the database of the Dictionary of Folk Stereotypes and Symbols, archived at the Jerzy Bartmiński Ethnolinguistic Unit, UMCS, Lublin.
linguistic and cultural image of the world
The folk image of a human preserved in the dialectal plant names. An overview of the issues.
The aim of the article is to present the folk image of a human based on the plant names used by Gorals from the north-west part of the Podhale region. The material was gathered through informal interviews with inhabitants of nine villages conducted between 2016 and 2017. The first part of the text includes a detailed account of the methodological approach employed. Additionally, the research problems arising from the specificity of the collected material are presented. The second part of the article discusses the features of the rural society which are indirectly preserved in the folk names of plants, e.g. anthropocentrism, aristocratism, a binary view of reality, sensory perception of the world, instrumental rationality, attachment to Catholicism, magical beliefs.
COSMOPOLITANISM in the modern Lithuanian worldview
Following the methodology of the Lublin School of Ethnolinguistics, the article examines how Lithuanians understand the term cosmopolitanism. The study is based on Lithuanian lexicographic data, material from various texts, and the results of a young people's survey. The aim is to identify what Lithuanians mean when they use the lexeme cosmopolitanism in their speech and writing, and what new shades of meaning emerge in context. Based on the data from all three levels, the synthetic analysis provides a cognitive definition of the term.
DISCRIMINATION in the Lithuanian language and Culture
Following the methodology of the Lublin School of Ethnolinguistics, the article focuses on the concept of discrimination, examining it in terms of what it means to Lithuanians. The study is based on Lithuanian lexicographic data, material from various texts, and the results of a young people’s survey. The aim is to identify what Lithuanians think when they use the lexeme discrimination in speech or writing and what new shades of meaning emerge in the context. Based on data from all three levels, a cognitive definition of the concept is provided in the synthetic analysis.
Verbal Associations as a Source of Information about the Concept (Based on the Association Fields of the Words DAUGHTER and SON)
Research on the content of concepts, due to the uncertainty of the boundaries of the researched object, requires to use of more diverse materials in order to reveal the variety of information associated with the concept. Verbal associations are the information about what the object named by the word stimulus is associated with in the minds of language users. Hence, it can be said that associations are also a direct source of information about the content of a concept. This is why the information obtained from the experiment of free associations and the description of the association fields of specific lexical units can help to describe the content of any concept in more detail. Based on the association fields of the words daughter and son, the article discusses part of the content of the concepts DAUGHTER and SON associated with the worldview of the Lithuanian language as well as presents how Lithuanian-speaking people perceive the characteristics of a daughter and a son.
Copyright (c) 2024 Silvija Papaurėlytė-Klovienė
Construction of the Image of Persons with Disabilities in Latvian Mass Media
Reality construction on the Internet is an inseparable part of human lives. On one hand, many people choose to construct their own (fake) realities. On the other hand, several groups of society are affected by the realities built by the mass media. Not everything published online can be considered journalism; however, professional journalism has an important role in moulding public opinion. Thus, the functions of the media should not only be considered but also exploited deliberately and purposefully. Unfortunately, this is not always the case. The article is devoted to the analysis of the contents and linguistic features of the articles about people with disabilities published on one of the most popular news websites in Latvia – jauns.lv. The results show that both content and linguistic choices, although they are mainly unintentional, can produce and propagate misconceptions about people with disabilities. Yet the solutions targeting this issue are to be determined.
Copyright (c) 2023 Velga Polinska, Dite Liepa
370th Anniversary of the First Printed Grammar of the Lithuanian Language
28th international scientific conference of Jonas Jablonskis „Language and the Times: Representations of Person, Generation and Society in Language“
Copyright (c) 2023 Loreta Vaičiulytė-Semėnienė
Values in the Lithuanian and Polish Worldviews: Similarities and Differences Between Two Cultures
On Varying, New Language Phenomena and Not Only
Toponyms with Repetition of a Word-Formation Element as Rudiments of Ancient Thinking
The article deals with toponyms with the repetition of a word-formation element. Etymological analysis allows us to establish the repetition of a syllable, a root morpheme, a word in aboriginal and standardized toponyms. The main classification word-formation models based on the properties of the toponymic material are determined. Attention is focused on the basic structure of appellatives, which were a reflection of ancient thinking and the basis for the emergence of onyms in the process of nominating natural objects. The geography of the given examples covers different continents.
Terminologisation of Common Words in Jurgis Ambraziejus Pabrėža’s "Taislius Augyminis"
The article deals with the names of the genera of flowering plants given by Jurgis Ambraziejus Pabrėža in his 1843 work Taislius augyminis (“The System of Plants”), which Pabrėža coined by way of terminologisation of colloquial words of that time. The article contains analysis of the semantic motivation behind the names of the genera of plants, in which the names for plant genera he had created are compared with the names in Povilas Matulionis’s Žolynas (“Names of plants”), Lietuviškas botanikos žodynas (“A Lithuanian Dictionary of Botany”), Lietuvių kalbos žodynas (“A Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language”), and Botanikos vardų žodynas (“A Dictionary of Plant Names”); also, it lists the names of plant genera in Pabrėža’s work that have taken root in current usage.
The Lithuanian Names for Hen, Rooster, Chicken and their Motivation
From a semasiological point of view, the Lithuanian names for hen, rooster, chicken form a rich subgroup of the thematic group of zoonyms: about two hundred lexemes without a common hyperonym have been identified in various explanatory, dialectal and special lexicographical sources. From an onomasiological point of view, motivated names make up 98 percent of the lexemes studied. The article comprehensively analyzes the names of hen, rooster and chicken in the Lithuanian language, approaching them as lexical units that can convey the categorisation of the bird being so named, its relationship to other realities from the perspective of the language user. The systematic analysis of the lexemes studied highlights several categories of conceptual features: axiological, cognitive, associative, ethnocultural.
The Reasons for the Morphologically Ambiguos Forms
In the article, the reasons for the homoforms of the Lithuanian language are described on the basis of data obtained from the Dictionary of Homoforms of the Lithuanian Language. The author offers a classification of homoforms according to the reasons of their appearance, which is as follows: homoforms that are more theoretical in nature and appeared due to the specifics of creating dictionaries; homoforms resulting from differences in prosodic elements; homoforms resulting from different overlapping words; homoforms that arose due to the specifics of the Lithuanian morphology system; homoforms of the same meaning that appeared under different paradigms. These reasons help us to understand why annotation by morphological annotators often result in different cases of morphological ambiguity.
The Guidelines for the Development of the "Word Formation Guide"
The study aims to introduce the need and opportunities for the development of the Word Formation Guide (WFG). It discusses some of the emerging problems that will inevitably arise when adapting this noun formation manual to word formation data from other parts of speech. The first option for the development of the WFG is to use the existing structure of the database to add new data, for example, examples of derivatives and compounds from fundamental works on word formation in Lithuanian, as well as comments on the usage of derivatives and compounds, new word formation tendencies, etc. Another option is to modify the structure of the database of the WFG when it becomes necessary to collect data that are different from what has been foreseen so far. Words from the various parts of speech (nouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs) differ in the data structure of their formation, word formation categories, among other things, so an unmodified structural model for describing the formation of nouns from other parts of the language would probably not work. In addition, the data on the derivation of adjectives would pose additional problems, as the principle of synchronicity has been inconsistently applied in grammar to describe it.
Ways of Presenting Dialectal Material in Polish Regional Dialectal Dictionaries
The text discusses Polish regional dialect dictionaries published in the last few decades. These dictionaries, written by professionals or amateurs, record sets of lexis from various regions of Poland. Selected entries (especially from central and eastern Poland) show different ways of presenting the dialect material, taking into account the iconographic layer and local contexts.
Copyright (c) 2023 Dorota Krystyna Rembiszewska
Dictionary of Folk Stereotypes and Symbols as an Ethnolinguistic Dictionary (On the Example of the Entry "Elymus")
The paper presents the Dictionary of Folk Stereotypes and Symbols, published in Lublin, edited by Jerzy Bartmiński and Stanisława Niebrzegowska-Bartmińska. The defining method adopted in the Dictionary is that of cognitive definition developed on the basis of Lublin ethnolinguistics. It allows for a subjective reconstruction of the image of the world preserved in folk language and culture. In the first part of the paper, the author presents the main methodological assumptions of the Dictionary, and in the second part she shows their practical implementation based on the example of the yet unpublished version of the entry elymus.
Expression of Ideologization in Post-War Lithuanian Linguistics
The Concept of the Quality of Public Language in the Law on the State Language of the Republic of Lithuania
The article addresses one aspect of the Law on the State Language of the Republic of Lithuania and its subsequent drafts, aiming to determine how this law, which made the list of constitutional laws in 2012, formulates the legal provisions with regard to the quality of public language, and how the concept of this term has changed over time. The aspect in question symptomatically reflects the long and sometimes chequered evolution of the Law on the State Language from 1995 to these days. The article trains the spotlight on two elements of the quality of public language: the correctness and the functionality of language, revealing the correlation between the two and the various spheres of usage of public language. It shows how different drafts of the Law on the State Language provide different definitions of the boundaries of those spheres, and the clauses and reservations formulated therein. Furthermore, it covers the term ‘functional purpose’ embedded in a 2023 draft, its contents anchoring in some cases a caveat for the requirement of the correctness of public language. The article also identifies the four most characteristic cases when the norms of the standard language can be disregarded for the sake of the functional purpose, and puts the question of how this should be reflected in the provisions of the law up for debate.
„Aš veržiuosi į praeitį, kuri man spindi lengvumu, šventumu ir paprastumu“ (In memoriam Angelei Vilutytei-Rimševičienei, 1943–2022)
Žymiajai gramatikos tyrėjai Nijolei Sližienei – 90 metų
Danguolės Mikulėnienės mokslinės veiklos metmenys
Copyright (c) 2022 Asta Leskauskaitė, Vilija Ragaišienė
Traditional and non-traditional oikonyms of Eastern Lithuania
The article examines the differences between the traditional Lithuanian forms of Eastern Lithuanian oikonyms and the later non-traditional Slavic forms. Regional differences and numbers of oikonyms according to formation, slavization in counties from Šalčininkai to Daugavpils are presented. There are five ways of slavicization of oikonyms of the Lithuanian language.