Acta Linguistica Lithuanica
type: channel
description: ISSN 1648-4444 (print) ISSN 2669-218X (online) The international peer-reviewed research journal Acta Linguistica Lithuanica has been published since 1957 (until 1999 the title was Lietuvių kalbotyros klausimai). It mostly publishes articles on Lithuanian and Baltic linguistics, comparative and general linguistics problems, as well as the most recent linguistic trends and methods. Acta Linguistica Lithuanica is published biannually. Editor-in-chief: Dr. Darius Ivoška. The journal is an Open Access publication, which ensures the dissemination of research worldwide and provides the readers with the license to use the published articles or their parts for non-commercial purposes in any medium, provided the author and the original source are credited. The authors are not charged any submission or publication fees.
language: en
publication name: Acta Linguistica Lithuanica
issn: 1648-4444
items: Linguistic wokeism: Revisionism of the gypsy moth and Asian carp, and fate of the Russian salad
items: Editorial Board and Table of Contents
items: Music of Language
items: Nijolė Tuomienė. Language and Identity in the Borderlands of Southeastern Lithuania and Belarus (2nd Half of the 20th Century–Beginning of the 21st Century). Part I
items: Guidelines for Authors
items: Reception of Surinkimininkai Repertory in Prussian Lithuanian Works of the Second Half of the 19th Century
items: Effects of Consonant Voicing on Vowel Formant Distribution in Standard Lithuanian: A Factorial Analysis
items: Denominal Verbs in the Catechism of M. Petkevičius (1598)
items: Stress Retraction in the Manuscript Sources of the Eastern Aukštaitian Subdialect of Utena from the 1950s and 1960s
items: https://journals-dev.lki.lt/actalinguisticalithuanica/en/article/view/2467
items: Varia Onomastica: Sarmato-Alanica (Danapria, Bohus)
items: Naming and Renaming of Watercourses. The Schwappach Case. An Addendum to the German Water Name Book
items: The Radziwiłłs and Their Horses: Hipponyms in 17th- and 18th-Century Inventories of the Magnate Family’s Herds
items: On the Etymology of Lithuanian alėti, almuo, almė, elmės, etc. and Their Relationship to the German Place Name Ulm and Its Cognates
items: Old Prussian poaris
items: Exploring Scaled AIC within English closed compounds
items: Exploring Endearing Metaphors among Swahili Youths in Mombasa County, Kenya: Insights from Conceptual Mappings
items: Evolution of Abstracting Metaphors in Modern Japanese J-pop Lyrics: Analysis of Linguistic Devices
items: Evaldas Švageris, Jolita Urbanavičienė. Lietuvių kalbos balsių formantinę struktūrą ir trukmę lemiančių veiksnių sąveika bei hierarchija
items: Kruopščios ir sąžiningos kalbininkės jubiliejus
items: Nomination and Motivation of the Names of Aquatic Animals in the Northern Samogitian Subdialect
items: Dialect Images of the Young Eastern Aukštaitians of Anykščiai, Kupiškis and Utena: Borders and Objective Dialecticity
items: Contextual Substantivisation on the Websites of Higher Education and Vocational Training Institutions
items: The System for Automatic Stylometric Analysis of Ukrainian Media Texts TextAttributor 1.0 (Techniques, Means, Functionality)
items: Disappearance of the auxiliary verb esti in the Lithuanian passive
items: Nouns with the Suffix -istas, -ė in the Aspect of Variation, Norm and Substandardization of the Current Standard Lithuanian Language
items: Lithuanian–Ukrainian Language Parallels: Etymological Relationship and Typological Similarity
items: Addenda etymologica zu den „Anmerkungen zu einigen mit An- beginnenden litauischen Gewässernamen und ihren außerbaltischen Verwandten“
items: Mapping the Boundaries of Vyžuonos: 15th-Century Personal Names and the Enduring Legacy of North-Eastern Lithuania
items: Accentuation History of Lithuanian Verbs in -(i)uoti

Linguistic wokeism: Revisionism of the gypsy moth and Asian carp, and fate of the Russian salad
type: item
description: The concept of wokeism in academia might represent two radically ideological poles: neoliberally, it is a symbol of socio-cultural liberation, but conservatively, it is a symbol of unnecessary revisionism that tests the limits of traditional culture. Academia is in the belly of this socio-cultural battle. In this discussion, the term “linguistic wokeism” describes an attempt to correct perceived social inequalities through the medium of language. Two cases are highlighted, the gypsy moth, which was revised to sponge moth (Lymantria dispar), and Asian carp, which was revised to invasive carp. It is argued that “linguistic wokeism” is effectively propagated and established when neoliberal ideologies are aligned among academia, socio-political action groups, and neoliberal media, including social media. Finally, in the current ongoing Russo-Ukrainian war, early bans on the letters “V” and “Z” in some countries, as a linguistic form of Russophobia, suggests the possibility that geo-political animosities may also be linguistically expressed in neoliberal ways, with a tongue-in-cheek risk being suggested for the Russian salad. The greater risk, in an academic publishing context, if neoliberal revisionist policies are converted into “ethical” policies, is that those who do not agree or align with such policies might be labelled as unethical.
subject: Insights
  topic: section
subject: media and social media
  topic: keywords
subject: neoliberal
  topic: keywords
subject: prejudice
  topic: keywords
subject: revisionism
  topic: keywords
subject: socio-political ideologies
  topic: keywords
creator: Jaime A. Teixeira da Silva
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Jaime A. Teixeira da Silva
date: 2025-06-24
publication date: 2025-06-24
starting page: 1
ending page: 8

Editorial Board and Table of Contents
type: item
subject: Front Matter
  topic: section
subject: contents
  topic: keywords
creator: Pavel Skorupa
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Pavel Skorupa
date: 2025-06-19
publication date: 2025-06-19
starting page: 1
ending page: 5

Music of Language
type: item
subject: Insights
  topic: section
creator: Giedrius Kuprevičius
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Giedrius Kuprevičius
date: 2025-06-19
publication date: 2025-06-19
starting page: 1
ending page: 16

Nijolė Tuomienė. Language and Identity in the Borderlands of Southeastern Lithuania and Belarus (2nd Half of the 20th Century–Beginning of the 21st Century). Part I
type: item
subject: Reviews
  topic: section
creator: Janina Švambarytė-Valužienė
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Janina Švambarytė-Valužienė
date: 2025-06-19
publication date: 2025-06-19
starting page: 1
ending page: 10

Guidelines for Authors
type: item
subject: Back Matter
  topic: section
subject: Guidelines for Authors
  topic: keywords
creator: Pavel Skorupa
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Pavel Skorupa
date: 2025-06-19
publication date: 2025-06-19
starting page: 1
ending page: 8

Reception of Surinkimininkai Repertory in Prussian Lithuanian Works of the Second Half of the 19th Century
type: item
description: The article aims to investigate the influence of the Surinkimininkai hymnal Visokios naujos giesmės arba evangeliški psalmai on Prussian Lithuanian books of the second half of the 19th century and reveal the attitude of clergy in Lithuanian parishes, as well as that of members of the Lithuanian Literary Society in Tilsit (which included representatives of the Lutheran Church and educators) towards the Surinkimininkai repertoire. The following sources were selected for analysis: the hymnals Gieſmjû bey Maldû=Knygos Karalißkojo Pruſû Waiſko (1854, Königsberg) and Trecʒioji Dalis Gieſmjû Knygû (1857, Königsberg) by Friedrich Kurschat, the school hymnal 64 Gieſmes (1856, 1862, Tilsit) by Carl Wilhelm Otto Glogau, the anthology Litauische Chrestomathie zum Schulgebrauch (1880, Memel) by Carl Rudolph Jacoby, the reading book Litauisches elementarbuch (1898, Heidelberg) by Maximilian Voelkel, the collection of melodies Gieſmiu Balſai (1894, Heidelberg, Tilsit) by Carl Theodor Waldemar Hoffheinz, and the publications on hymnody in the scholarly periodical Mitteilungen der Litauischen litterarischen Gesellschaft. The analytical, comparative and textological methods were employed for the investigation.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Hymnbook of Surinkimininkai
  topic: keywords
subject: church hymnal
  topic: keywords
subject: military and school hymnals
  topic: keywords
subject: school anthologies
  topic: keywords
subject: Lithuanian Literary Society in Tilsit
  topic: keywords
subject: reception
  topic: keywords
subject: Prussian Lithuania in the 19th century
  topic: keywords
creator: Inga Strungytė-Liugienė
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Inga Strungytė-Liugienė
date: 2025-06-23
publication date: 2025-06-23
starting page: 1
ending page: 26

Effects of Consonant Voicing on Vowel Formant Distribution in Standard Lithuanian: A Factorial Analysis
type: item
description: This study aims to continue experimental research on the dynamics of vowel formant distribution in Standard Lithuanian. The primary focus is on the interaction and hierarchy of factors that directly influence formant placement in the spectra of Lithuanian vowels. After CVC combinations with voiced plosive consonants were added to the dataset, the differential power of the voicing factor was analysed. A factorial analysis (two-way ANOVA) was performed to determine what position in the hierarchy the voicing factor can take. Additionally, the question of factor coordination in the field of formant distribution was raised. The results suggest that the voicing factor occupies weak positions in the hierarchy and exhibits low-level autonomy. To some extent, its relative power correlates with the backness of the vowel, as it shifts towards the back tongue position, differences implied by the consonant voicing factor on formant distribution increase. Although it has no significant impact, consonant voicing plays a role in expanding the spectral space, allowing other factors to exert greater influence (for example, it creates conditions for high back vowels to be more fronted in a dental stop environment).
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: vowel formants
  topic: keywords
subject: Standard Lithuanian
  topic: keywords
subject: factorial analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: factor hierarchy
  topic: keywords
subject: vowel allophones
  topic: keywords
creator: Evaldas Švageris
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Evaldas Švageris
date: 2025-06-24
publication date: 2025-06-24
starting page: 1
ending page: 24

Denominal Verbs in the Catechism of M. Petkevičius (1598)
type: item
description: The article presents a study of the denominal suffixal verbs in the Catechism of M. Petkevičius (PC) published in 1598. A total of 70 such verbs were found in this source, and they are divided into four categories of denominal verbs: factitive, similative, stative and participatory meanings. The article presents the frequency of PC denominal suffixes, the features of the base words, and the general trends in the derivation of PC deno- minatives. The paper also focuses on the more complex cases of derivational interpretation.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: denominal verbs
  topic: keywords
subject: category of derivation
  topic: keywords
subject: suffix
  topic: keywords
creator: Anželika Smetonienė
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Anželika Smetonienė
date: 2025-06-23
publication date: 2025-06-23
starting page: 1
ending page: 15

Stress Retraction in the Manuscript Sources of the Eastern Aukštaitian Subdialect of Utena from the 1950s and 1960s
type: item
description: The article examines manuscript sources of the Eastern Aukštaitian subdialect of Utena from the 1950s and 1960s, stored in the Dialect Archive of the Centre of Geolinguistics at the Institute of the Lithuanian Language, from the perspective of accentuation. The study aims to identify the stress retraction phenomena that were in effect in the Utena subdialect in the mid-20th century and to discuss the nature and distribution of this phenomenon within the subdialect area. The analysis reveals an uneven and rather late formation of stress retraction as a rule in the Utena subdialect. Drawing on 19th-century texts (from the 1860s to the 1880s) covering the subdialects of Kupiškis, Anykščiai, and Utena (which belong to the eastern part of the Eastern Aukštaitian dialect), published by the German linguist Franz Specht in Litauische Mundarten gesammelt von A. Baranowski in Leipzig, as well as 20th-century descriptions of subdialects (from the 1950s and 1960s), the article provides new insights into the nature of stress retraction in the Utena subdialect. It is assumed that between the 1950s and mid-1960s, a more intensive rather than weak conditional stress retraction rule was forming in the northern part and western periphery of the Utena subdialect, an area previously assigned to the weak conditional stress retraction by the compilers of the Atlas of the Lithuanian Language (1982).
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Eastern Aukštaitian subdialect of Utena
  topic: keywords
subject: stress retraction rule
  topic: keywords
subject: double-peaked stress
  topic: keywords
subject: syllable
  topic: keywords
subject: manuscript source
  topic: keywords
creator: Vilija Ragaišienė
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Vilija Ragaišienė
date: 2025-06-23
publication date: 2025-06-23
starting page: 1
ending page: 15

https://journals-dev.lki.lt/actalinguisticalithuanica/en/article/view/2467
type: item
title: Motherhood in the Worldview of the Lithuanian Language (Based on the Associations of the Word mama (En. Mom) and the Compounds of the Words motiniškas, -a (En. Motherly), motiniškai (En. in a Motherly Way)
description: The article describes part of the content of the concept MOTINA (En. MOTHER), which belongs to the Lithuanian worldview. Using the results of the analysis of the association field of the word mama (En. mom), all forms of the adjectives motiniškas, -a (En. motherly) and the compounds of the adverb motiniškai (En. in a motherly way), the paper aims to summarise the perception of what a mother is in the Lithuanian language worldview, and the behavioural patterns that are typical of her. The paper is based on the analysis of the results of the free association experiment and the analysis of the examples from the Current Lithuanian Language textbook compiled at the Centre for Computational Linguistics of Vytautas Magnus University in Kaunas. The research presented in the paper provides information about the content of the MOTINA (En. MOTHER) concept and adds to what is already known about the peculiarities of world categorisation in the worldview of Lithuanians.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: language world view
  topic: keywords
subject: concept
  topic: keywords
subject: mother (mom)
  topic: keywords
subject: motherly
  topic: keywords
subject: in a motherly way
  topic: keywords
creator: Silvija Papaurėlytė-Klovienė
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Silvija Papaurėlytė-Klovienė
date: 2025-06-23
publication date: 2025-06-23
starting page: 1
ending page: 18

Varia Onomastica: Sarmato-Alanica (Danapria, Bohus)
type: item
description: The research is aimed at singling out the Iranian language heritage in the toponymy of the Dnieper and the Bug regions. In particular, it dwells upon the reconstruction of the Sarmatian-Alanian lexical stratum, whose existence does not run counter to the data of the history and archaeology of the areas under investigation. The research has resulted in the reconstruction of 20 lexemes supposed to be affiliated with the vocabulary of Sarmatian and Alanian. Such a conclusion is substantiated by the etymology of the reviewed toponyms, explained due to the vocabulary of the Ossetian language. The latter, in its turn, being the only surviving descendant of the Alanian language, has inherited the typical features of the Sarmatian and Alanian dialects on one side, and the old Eastern Iranian dialects closely related to the dialects of the Alans and Sarmatians, on the other side. A strong argument in favour of the Sarmato-Alanian origin of the reconstructed lexical fund is grounded by a range of exclusive whole-lexical Alanian-Ossetian parallels. Lexical reconstruction is confirmed with certain phonetic and morphological peculiarities inherent only in the structure of the assumed Alanian prototypes and the words from the Ossetian language. The parallels in the reconstructed Sarmato-Alanian vocabulary and the vocabulary of the other Iranian languages are also described.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: etymology
  topic: keywords
subject: the Sarmato-Alanian language relic
  topic: keywords
subject: reconstruction
  topic: keywords
subject: prototype
  topic: keywords
subject: reflex
  topic: keywords
subject: toponymic area
  topic: keywords
creator: Alexander I. Iliadi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Alexander I. Iliadi
date: 2025-06-23
publication date: 2025-06-23
starting page: 1
ending page: 28

Naming and Renaming of Watercourses. The Schwappach Case. An Addendum to the German Water Name Book
type: item
description: The origins of hydronyms when, by whom, and why the flowing waters were first named as they are today often remain beyond our full understanding. We can only speculate, relying on etymological hypotheses. For instance, why was the Rhine called *Reinos, or the Danube *Dānewjos? Such questions are deeply tied to the antiquity of these names and the significance or size of the waterways they denote. The situation, however, changes when it comes to renaming a body of water. As the case examined in this article demonstrates, we can precisely trace the individuals and factors involved in a modern renaming or the obstacles preventing it. A telling example from Bavaria illustrates this dynamic: Schwappach, though a relatively short tributary of the Main, became the focus of a renaming effort. Notably, it took the dedicated involvement of two local historians to initiate the process. Their efforts highlight broader issues related to geogeography, settlement history, and name transmission. Additionally, the etymology of the hydronym Schwappach plays a crucial role and is reexamined in light of these developments.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: river name
  topic: keywords
subject: renaming
  topic: keywords
subject: settlement history
  topic: keywords
subject: name etymology
  topic: keywords
subject: phantom name
  topic: keywords
creator: Albrecht Greule
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Albrecht Greule
date: 2025-06-23
publication date: 2025-06-23
starting page: 1
ending page: 10

The Radziwiłłs and Their Horses: Hipponyms in 17th- and 18th-Century Inventories of the Magnate Family’s Herds
type: item
description: The article examines the hipponyms (proper names for horses) recorded in the inventories of the Radziwiłł family’s herds in the 17th and 18th centuries, predominantly located in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. A total of 434 lexical units were identified, consisting of 106 female and 328 male forms. Analysis of these names reveals that they were not arbitrary but part of a deliberate naming system. The names referred to various cha-racteristics of the animals, including their appearance, behaviour, and possibly their places of origin. Some names were associated with “femininity” and beauty in the case of mares, while those for male horses often referred to fighting, courage, and offices. Greek and Roman mythology served as a significant source of inspiration for many hipponyms, while others were derived from the names of animal species. Many were also connected to the widely understood Muslim world. The languages most frequently represented among the names were Polish, Turkish, and Italian. The authors of the sources likely wrote only in Polish and were not well-educated, which may explain the distorted forms encountered.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: The Radziwiłłs
  topic: keywords
subject: hipponyms
  topic: keywords
subject: horses
  topic: keywords
subject: zoonyms
  topic: keywords
subject: inventories
  topic: keywords
creator: Kamil Frejlich
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Kamil Frejlich
date: 2025-06-22
publication date: 2025-06-22
starting page: 1
ending page: 23

On the Etymology of Lithuanian alėti, almuo, almė, elmės, etc. and Their Relationship to the German Place Name Ulm and Its Cognates
type: item
description: Lith. alėti ‘to flow, to drizzle, to hurry’, nualėti ‘to inundate (fields), to flow over’, almuõ (3) m. ‘pus’, álmė (1), almė (4) f. ‘matter flowing out of a body’, elmės (4) f. Pl. ‘id.’ have been traditionally etymologized as deriving from a root meaning ‘to flow’. This article argues instead that these words originate from at least two distinct Proto-Indo-European (PIE) roots. On the one hand, they may be linked to PIE *h1elh2- ‘to drive somewhere’ or PIE *h2elh2- ‘to go around aimlessly, to wander around’. On the other hand, some of them appear to derive from PIE *h1el(H)- ‘to be foul, rotten’. The root PIE *h1el(H)- ‘to be foul, rotten’ also underlies the place-name NHG Ulm and related toponyms in Germany. These names can be connected to PGerm. *ulma- ‘foul(ness), putrid(ity)’. Among the three prevailing explanations for these names, one can be ruled out entirely, while the remaining two others are semantically plausible — but only one of them also fits phonologically. The proposal to connect the names to the root PGerm. *u̯al(l)‑, *u̯ul‑ ‘to boil, to seethe’ is impossible. The alternative hypothesis — interpreting them as ‘Old European’ hydronyms, at first proposed by Hans Krahe — remains possible but requires revision. However, since a Germanic explanation free of semantic and phonological contradictions can be provided, it is methodologically preferable to the ‘Old European’ hypothesis.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Old-European hydronymy
  topic: keywords
subject: Lithuanian etymology
  topic: keywords
subject: German toponyms
  topic: keywords
subject: historical phonology of the Germanic languages
  topic: keywords
creator: Harald Bichlmeier
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Harald Bichlmeier
date: 2025-06-21
publication date: 2025-06-21
starting page: 1
ending page: 19

Old Prussian poaris
type: item
description: The article analyses the isolated Old Prussian word poaris ‘mole cricket’ from the point of view of word formation and etymology. For this reason, all published etymological attempts are collected and evaluated. Finally, a new solution is proposed, operating with the IE root *per- ‘to step over, pass across; penetrate’, which allows us to derive from the same root the designation of ‘worm’ in Middle Iranian Sogdian, Khotanese and in several modern Iranian languages from Pamir. The common semantic denominator for the zoonyms ‘mole cricket’ and ‘worm’ is ‘penetrating one’.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: mole cricket
  topic: keywords
subject: worm
  topic: keywords
subject: Old Prussian
  topic: keywords
subject: Iranian
  topic: keywords
subject: etymology
  topic: keywords
creator: Václav Blažek
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Václav Blažek
date: 2025-06-22
publication date: 2025-06-22
starting page: 1
ending page: 8

Exploring Scaled AIC within English closed compounds
type: item
description: The Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) is an established goodness-of-fit measure for selecting models in the analysis of empirical data. However, AIC is sensitive to sample size. Author’s previous research has shown that Scaled AIC, i.e. AIC divided by sample size, is an effective tool for assessing model fit and hierarchizing regression models. The present study explores further properties of this variable. The object of investigation are 66 multiple regression models referring to the processing of closed (concatenated) English compounds taken from Gagné et al.’s (2019) Large Database of English Compounds (LADEC). In particular, Scaled AIC is juxtaposed to the English Lexicon Project (ELP) and British Lexicon Project (BLP) as sources of response times, the lexical decision and naming tasks, compound length, and transparency norms. One-way ANOVA, main effects analysis, and non-parametric tests are used as methods. The findings suggest that Scaled AIC is responsive to experimental design, the source of response times, and the lexical decision and naming tasks. At the same time, the results of this study offer empirical support for the validation of methods employed by Gagné et al. (2019).
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: English compounds
  topic: keywords
subject: Scaled AIC
  topic: keywords
subject: lexical decision
  topic: keywords
subject: naming
  topic: keywords
creator: Chariton Charitonidis
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Chariton Charitonidis
date: 2024-07-19
publication date: 2024-07-19
starting page: 273
ending page: 300

Exploring Endearing Metaphors among Swahili Youths in Mombasa County, Kenya: Insights from Conceptual Mappings
type: item
description: Swahili youths in Mombasa County to woo their beloved. The research was anchored within a descriptive research design. Primary data was collected from four purposively sampled Swahili male youths through an interview schedule. The collected data were then subjected to the Metaphor Identification Procedure Vrije Universitei (MIPVU) in which four annotators were used to identify endearing metaphors. Seven endearing metaphors that are commonly used by the Male Swahili youths in Mombasa County were identified through MIPVU. The endearing metaphors were then subjected to the principle of conceptual mappings to reveal their meaning. The paper reveals that young Swahili men in Mombasa County use endearing metaphors to express affection, admiration, and romantic interest in their beloved. They also use these metaphors to inspire a sense of connection and emotional intimacy while aiming at building a relationship based on care and mutual affection. The study concludes that endearing metaphors are useful communication tools, and should be interpreted within the Cognitive Linguistics framework.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Endearing Metaphors
  topic: keywords
subject: Swahili
  topic: keywords
subject: Conceptual Mappings
  topic: keywords
subject: Cognitive Linguistics
  topic: keywords
subject: MIPVU
  topic: keywords
creator: Victor 0. Ntabo
creator: Catherine W. Ndung’u
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Victor 0. Ntabo, Catherine W. Ndung’u
date: 2024-12-20
publication date: 2024-12-20
starting page: 287
ending page: 309

Evolution of Abstracting Metaphors in Modern Japanese J-pop Lyrics: Analysis of Linguistic Devices
type: item
description: This study investigates the use of metaphorical language in the second single by 25ji Nightcord de, focusing on the identification and analysis of different metaphor types and their expressions. Through qualitative descriptive analysis employing listening and recording techniques, combined with a referential pairing method, the study reveals three distinct categories of metaphors. The findings demonstrate a predominant use of abstracting metaphors (18 instances), followed by anthropomorphic metaphors (3 instances), and synesthetic metaphors (1 instance). Analysis of these 22 metaphorical expressions reveals diverse semantic interpretations that contribute to the song’s artistic and emotional depth. The prevalence of abstracting metaphors suggests a tendency toward conceptual abstraction in contemporary songwriting. Future research could explore the evolution of metaphorical patterns across multiple singles or compare metaphorical usage across different musical genres within similar linguistic contexts.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Metaphorical analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: Song lyrics
  topic: keywords
subject: Language style
  topic: keywords
subject: Abstracting metaphors
  topic: keywords
subject: Contemporary songwriting
  topic: keywords
creator: Fince L Sambeka
creator: Muhammad I. Ali
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Fince L Sambeka, Muhammad I. Ali
date: 2024-12-20
publication date: 2024-12-20
starting page: 310
ending page: 328

Evaldas Švageris, Jolita Urbanavičienė. Lietuvių kalbos balsių formantinę struktūrą ir trukmę lemiančių veiksnių sąveika bei hierarchija
type: item
subject: Reviews
  topic: section
creator: Lina Murinienė
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Lina Murinienė
date: 2024-12-20
publication date: 2024-12-20
starting page: 335
ending page: 337

Kruopščios ir sąžiningos kalbininkės jubiliejus
type: item
subject: Insights
  topic: section
creator: Zigmas Zinkevičius
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Zigmas Zinkevičius
date: 2024-12-20
publication date: 2024-12-20
starting page: 331
ending page: 332

Nomination and Motivation of the Names of Aquatic Animals in the Northern Samogitian Subdialect
type: item
description: This article presents a study of the Northern Samogitian lexical thematic group of aquatic animals names. The research aims to identify the lexemes used to name water animals in this regional dialect and to study the nomination and motivation features of these names. The research employs a methodological approach that integrates complex linguistic analysis. The empirical material is drawn from the Lietuvių kalbos žodynas (LKŽe) and dictionaries of the North Samogitian dialect. A thorough analysis of these lexicographical sources has allowed for the determination of the names’ coverage. The study identifies the ratio between motivated and unmotivated lexemes, dominant types and tools of nomination, key features of motivation, and the variety of motivation models.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Northern Samogitian subdialect
  topic: keywords
subject: motivation
  topic: keywords
subject: nomination
  topic: keywords
subject: onomasiology
  topic: keywords
subject: aquatic animals names
  topic: keywords
creator: Žydrūnė Šalaviejūtė
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Žydrūnė Šalaviejūtė
date: 2024-12-20
publication date: 2024-12-20
starting page: 248
ending page: 263

Dialect Images of the Young Eastern Aukštaitians of Anykščiai, Kupiškis and Utena: Borders and Objective Dialecticity
type: item
description: The article presents a study of the images of the dialect spoken by the young Eastern Aukštaitians of Anykščiai, Kùpiškis and Utenà. The research material is the data on schoolchildren’s attitudes from their answers to the questions in the questionnaire conducted and prepared according to the methodological principles of perceptual dialectology. The data analysis shows that young Eastern Aukštaitians of Utenà (the subjects of Utenà and Rõkiškis) consider themselves the most active users of the dialect code. The Eastern Aukštaitians of Anykščiai (schoolchildren from Anykščiai) also admit to speaking the dialect. The Eastern Aukštaitians of Kùpiškis (schoolchildren from Kùpiškis) tend to distance themselves from this code. Drawn (mental) maps of the dialects reveal the similar attitudes of the subjects. Young Eastern Aukštaitians recognise a person who speaks the dialect mainly by the sound characteristics. The system of the objective dialecticity features of the speakers under research includes not only the fuzzy but also the characteristic and distinguishing traits of the subdialects analysed. The images of dialecticity (places and features) that have emerged from the attitudes of young language users and evaluators allow us to identify the researched members of the language community not only as Eastern Aukštaitians but also as Eastern Aukštaitians of Anykščiai, Kùpiškis and Utenà.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Perceptual Dialectology
  topic: keywords
subject: Mental Map
  topic: keywords
subject: Traditional Dialect
  topic: keywords
subject: Border
  topic: keywords
subject: Objective Dialecticity
  topic: keywords
creator: Laura Brazaitienė
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Laura Brazaitienė
date: 2024-12-20
publication date: 2024-12-20
starting page: 198
ending page: 223

Contextual Substantivisation on the Websites of Higher Education and Vocational Training Institutions
type: item
description: The article addresses the questions of contextual substantivisation based on empirical material collected from the websites of 25 Lithuanian educational institutions – higher education institutions (universities, colleges) and vocational schools. After discussing the concepts of contextual substantivisation and words used in a substantive position, the general trends of contextual substantivisation in the selected sources are reviewed, and the collected examples are analyzed. The thematic groups of words used in a substantive position are identified, and their expression is discussed. Since only adjectives and participles are substantivized on the websites analyzed, the article focuses on contextual substantivisation based solely on this part of speech and verb form. At the end of the article, the reasons for contextual substantivisation in the analyzed websites are discussed.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: adjective
  topic: keywords
subject: noun
  topic: keywords
subject: usage in a substantive position
  topic: keywords
subject: ellipsis
  topic: keywords
subject: language economy
  topic: keywords
subject: contextual substantivisation
  topic: keywords
subject: words collocation
  topic: keywords
creator: Lina Rutkienė
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Lina Rutkienė
date: 2024-12-20
publication date: 2024-12-20
starting page: 264
ending page: 286

The System for Automatic Stylometric Analysis of Ukrainian Media Texts TextAttributor 1.0 (Techniques, Means, Functionality)
type: item
description: This paper presents the structure, algorithms, implementation, and experimental results of the automatic TextAttributor system developed by the authors of the paper for statistical Ukrainian-language text parameterisation using a multiparametric set of statistical indices, characterising the author’s text style and applicable to authorship attribution tasks. Based on the created linguistic resources and software, the system generates a linguistic analysis based on the calculated statistical indices and performs a comparative study of two texts. An additional criterion for statistical indexing is the text toxicity index, calculated through the method of verbal identification of toxic sentiment. Authorship and toxicity detection tasks are addressed using two methods: dictionary- and rule-based statistical calculations and machine learning. The current findings implemented in the beta version of TextAttributor are thoroughly examined.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Computational linguistics
  topic: keywords
subject: Ukrainian language
  topic: keywords
subject: sentiment analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: authorship attribution
  topic: keywords
subject: stylometry
  topic: keywords
subject: text classification
  topic: keywords
creator: Nataliia Darchuk
creator: Oksana Zuban
creator: Valentyna Robeiko
creator: Yuliia Tsyhvintseva
creator: Victor Sorokin
creator: Mykola Sazhok
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Nataliia Darchuk, Oksana Zuban, Valentyna Robeiko, Yuliia Tsyhvintseva, Victor Sorokin, Mykola Sazhok
date: 2024-12-20
publication date: 2024-12-20
starting page: 224
ending page: 247

Disappearance of the auxiliary verb esti in the Lithuanian passive
type: item
description: The prototypical passive voice in Lithuanian is an analytical construction consisting of a passive past participle and the auxiliary verb būti ‘to be’. Nowadays, the conjugation of this verb in the present tense is regular, except for the suppletive form of the third person yra, an East Baltic innovation, and historically, its original form was esti. Although the development and uses of the verb yra are well described, its development as a passive auxiliary verb has not received enough attention. The paper aims to trace the disappearance of the form esti from the function of an auxiliary verb in the passive constructions based on Old Lithuanian texts from 1547–1816, represented by prints from three historical dialects of Lithuanian.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Lithuanian (language)
  topic: keywords
subject: diachrony
  topic: keywords
subject: passive
  topic: keywords
subject: participle
  topic: keywords
subject: auxiliary verb
  topic: keywords
creator: Paweł Brudzyński
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Paweł Brudzyński
date: 2024-12-20
publication date: 2024-12-20
starting page: 117
ending page: 146

Nouns with the Suffix -istas, -ė in the Aspect of Variation, Norm and Substandardization of the Current Standard Lithuanian Language
type: item
description: The article examines nouns with the suffix -istas, -ė used to denote persons. These words are characterised by variation, norm fluctuation and innovation in the current Lithuanian language. The article aims to determine potential connections between the usage of new hybrid derivatives with this suffix and the process of sub-standardization of the standard Lithuanian language, which bears significant similarities to the dynamics observed in European standard languages. Until the beginning of the 21st century, the suffix -istas, -ė in Lithuanian was mostly found in loanwords used to name people based on their profession, activity, etc. After examining neologisms of this type recorded in the Lithuanian neologism database, as well as their semantic features and usage contexts, structural and functional innovations are found. First, in lower-prestige usage of Lithuanian (sub-standard), there is an increase in hybrid derivatives that combine native roots with the borrowed suffix -istas, -ė. Second, about two-thirds of these hybrids carry negative connotations and are used to denote persons engaged in undesirable, unproductive, or harmful activities. Their entering into the standard Lithuanian language (mainstem media) can be seen as one of the indicators of sub-standardization of the standard Lithuanian.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: sub-standard
  topic: keywords
subject: sub-standardization
  topic: keywords
subject: standard language
  topic: keywords
subject: suffix
  topic: keywords
subject: neologisms
  topic: keywords
creator: Rita Miliūnaitė
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Rita Miliūnaitė
date: 2024-12-20
publication date: 2024-12-20
starting page: 177
ending page: 197

Lithuanian–Ukrainian Language Parallels: Etymological Relationship and Typological Similarity
type: item
description: The article aims to confirm an important hypothesis about the existence of separate parallels in the Lithuanian and Ukrainian languages. The absence of common areal boundaries of both languages with striking correspondences at different levels indicates the preservation of common lingual relics of the era of ancient contacts between speakers of Baltic and Slavonic dialects. The exclusivity of the Lithuanian-Ukrainian isoglosses, which do not extend to other languages of the Baltic and Slavonic groups of the Indo-European language family, is most likely the result of close lingual interaction between the Eastern Slavs and the ancestors of modern Lithuanians on the territory outlined by the river network of tributaries of the Dnipro in its upper reaches. Some of the relics turned out to be resistant to evolutionary processes, due to which they “survived” to our time as part of the descendant languages of ancient dialects. Preliminary data collection and linguistic analysis show that very close structural-etymological encounters are presented at several levels of the Lithuanian and Ukrainian language systems, namely, lexical, word formation and textual (phrases with a genetically common composition). The authors include typologically very close textual analogies at the phraseological level among the evidence of the development of joint innovations introduced by the ancestors of the speakers of Lithuanian and Ukrainian speech, which are probably based on common semantic-semiotic models generated by common cultural experiences of the two ethnic groups in the process of contacts.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: vocabulary
  topic: keywords
subject: word formation
  topic: keywords
subject: etymology
  topic: keywords
subject: text
  topic: keywords
subject: phraseology
  topic: keywords
subject: Lithuanian
  topic: keywords
subject: Ukrainian
  topic: keywords
creator: Oleksandra V. Popova
creator: Olga A. Kopus
creator: Oleksandra O. Morhun
rights: Copyright (c)
date: 2024-12-20
publication date: 2024-12-20
starting page: 147
ending page: 176

Addenda etymologica zu den „Anmerkungen zu einigen mit An- beginnenden litauischen Gewässernamen und ihren außerbaltischen Verwandten“
type: item
description: An earlier article made it clear that the “hydronymic root PIE *en-/*on-” is a phantasm. Because of this, hydronyms such as Lith. Anatà and Anýkštė were explained tentatively based on the root PIE *h2en- ‘to haul (water)’. This root, however, is primarily continued in Anatolian, while attestations of the continuation of this root in Western IE languages are rare, partially even dubious. The article offers another form, potentially continuing this root in Western IE, precisely in Germanic. Thus, the assumption that the above-mentioned Lithuanian hydronyms also contain the root PIE *h2en- is supported indirectly
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Baltic hydronymy
  topic: keywords
subject: Celtic hydronymy
  topic: keywords
subject: ‘Old European’ hydronymy
  topic: keywords
subject: phonotactics
  topic: keywords
creator: Harald Bichlmeier
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Harald Bichlmeier
date: 2024-12-20
publication date: 2024-12-20
starting page: 66
ending page: 76

Mapping the Boundaries of Vyžuonos: 15th-Century Personal Names and the Enduring Legacy of North-Eastern Lithuania
type: item
description: The article explores a unique manuscript housed in the Jagiellonian University Library in Krakow, Poland, focusing on a witness interview protocol dated between 1469 and 1477. The protocol highlights two key historical elements relevant to both historical and linguistic research: the Brinkliškės road, which defined part of the Vyžuonos estate boundaries at the time, and the naming of 99 witnesses. The paper delves into the history of protocol archiving, investigates the location and etymology of the Brinkliškės road, and examines the transmission of historical memory. Additionally, the study analyses the witness names to uncover the trends in personal identification and naming practices prevalent in the latter half of the 15th century and the factors influencing these practices.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Vyžuonos
  topic: keywords
subject: boundaries of land ownership
  topic: keywords
subject: oral and written culture
  topic: keywords
subject: historical onomasticon
  topic: keywords
subject: personal names
  topic: keywords
subject: historical sources
  topic: keywords
creator: Darius Ivoška
creator: Andrej Ryčkov
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Andrej Ryčkov, Darius Ivoška
date: 2024-12-19
publication date: 2024-12-19
starting page: 11
ending page: 38

Accentuation History of Lithuanian Verbs in -(i)uoti
type: item
description: The article deals with the accentuation history of Lithuanian verbs in -(i)uoti by comparing data from modern dialects, the standard language, and accentuated old texts with the reconstructed state of affairs in the proto-language. In modern Lithuanian, verbs in -(i)uoti are characterized by stress on the suffix, while various attested cases of non-suffix stress testify to the gradual disappearance of this type of accentuation and the establishment of suffix stress. Some cases of non-suffix stress can be considered archaisms (e.g., derivatives from nouns of accentual paradigm 1), while others could be of a later origin, e.g., verbs of the types lkuriuoti and batuoti (with root circumflex as an iconic marker of prolonged action). The latter type is characterized by a large dialectal variety of accentual types, and most of the article is devoted to the study of this variety. In the western area of dialects (especially in Lithuania Minor), non-suffix stress is also possible in other kinds of verbs, e.g., onomatopoeic and other expressive verbs, Germanisms, or remodeled verbs in -(i)oti.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Lithuanian
  topic: keywords
subject: historical accentology
  topic: keywords
subject: suffixed verbs
  topic: keywords
subject: accentual type
  topic: keywords
subject: acute
  topic: keywords
subject: circumflex
  topic: keywords
subject: accentual dominance
  topic: keywords
subject: iconic function
  topic: keywords
subject: metatony
  topic: keywords
creator: Sandra Lukšaitė-Ramonienė
creator: Vytautas Rinkevičius
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Vytautas Rinkevičius, Sandra Lukšaitė-Ramonienė
date: 2024-12-20
publication date: 2024-12-20
starting page: 77
ending page: 116