ISSN 1648-4444 (print) ISSN 2669-218X (online) The international peer-reviewed research journal Acta Linguistica Lithuanica has been published since 1957 (until 1999 the title was Lietuvių kalbotyros klausimai). It mostly publishes articles on Lithuanian and Baltic linguistics, comparative and general linguistics problems, as well as the most recent linguistic trends and methods. Acta Linguistica Lithuanica is published biannually. Editor-in-chief: Dr. Darius Ivoška. The journal is an Open Access publication, which ensures the dissemination of research worldwide and provides the readers with the license to use the published articles or their parts for non-commercial purposes in any medium, provided the author and the original source are credited. The authors are not charged any submission or publication fees.
Linguistic wokeism: Revisionism of the gypsy moth and Asian carp, and fate of the Russian salad
The concept of wokeism in academia might represent two radically ideological poles: neoliberally, it is a symbol of socio-cultural liberation, but conservatively, it is a symbol of unnecessary revisionism that tests the limits of traditional culture. Academia is in the belly of this socio-cultural battle. In this discussion, the term “linguistic wokeism” describes an attempt to correct perceived social inequalities through the medium of language. Two cases are highlighted, the gypsy moth, which was revised to sponge moth (Lymantria dispar), and Asian carp, which was revised to invasive carp. It is argued that “linguistic wokeism” is effectively propagated and established when neoliberal ideologies are aligned among academia, socio-political action groups, and neoliberal media, including social media. Finally, in the current ongoing Russo-Ukrainian war, early bans on the letters “V” and “Z” in some countries, as a linguistic form of Russophobia, suggests the possibility that geo-political animosities may also be linguistically expressed in neoliberal ways, with a tongue-in-cheek risk being suggested for the Russian salad. The greater risk, in an academic publishing context, if neoliberal revisionist policies are converted into “ethical” policies, is that those who do not agree or align with such policies might be labelled as unethical.
Copyright (c) 2025 Jaime A. Teixeira da Silva
Nijolė Tuomienė. Language and Identity in the Borderlands of Southeastern Lithuania and Belarus (2nd Half of the 20th Century–Beginning of the 21st Century). Part I
Copyright (c) 2025 Janina Švambarytė-Valužienė
Reception of Surinkimininkai Repertory in Prussian Lithuanian Works of the Second Half of the 19th Century
The article aims to investigate the influence of the Surinkimininkai hymnal Visokios naujos giesmės arba evangeliški psalmai on Prussian Lithuanian books of the second half of the 19th century and reveal the attitude of clergy in Lithuanian parishes, as well as that of members of the Lithuanian Literary Society in Tilsit (which included representatives of the Lutheran Church and educators) towards the Surinkimininkai repertoire. The following sources were selected for analysis: the hymnals Gieſmjû bey Maldû=Knygos Karalißkojo Pruſû Waiſko (1854, Königsberg) and Trecʒioji Dalis Gieſmjû Knygû (1857, Königsberg) by Friedrich Kurschat, the school hymnal 64 Gieſmes (1856, 1862, Tilsit) by Carl Wilhelm Otto Glogau, the anthology Litauische Chrestomathie zum Schulgebrauch (1880, Memel) by Carl Rudolph Jacoby, the reading book Litauisches elementarbuch (1898, Heidelberg) by Maximilian Voelkel, the collection of melodies Gieſmiu Balſai (1894, Heidelberg, Tilsit) by Carl Theodor Waldemar Hoffheinz, and the publications on hymnody in the scholarly periodical Mitteilungen der Litauischen litterarischen Gesellschaft. The analytical, comparative and textological methods were employed for the investigation.
Copyright (c) 2025 Inga Strungytė-Liugienė
Effects of Consonant Voicing on Vowel Formant Distribution in Standard Lithuanian: A Factorial Analysis
This study aims to continue experimental research on the dynamics of vowel formant distribution in Standard Lithuanian. The primary focus is on the interaction and hierarchy of factors that directly influence formant placement in the spectra of Lithuanian vowels. After CVC combinations with voiced plosive consonants were added to the dataset, the differential power of the voicing factor was analysed. A factorial analysis (two-way ANOVA) was performed to determine what position in the hierarchy the voicing factor can take. Additionally, the question of factor coordination in the field of formant distribution was raised. The results suggest that the voicing factor occupies weak positions in the hierarchy and exhibits low-level autonomy. To some extent, its relative power correlates with the backness of the vowel, as it shifts towards the back tongue position, differences implied by the consonant voicing factor on formant distribution increase. Although it has no significant impact, consonant voicing plays a role in expanding the spectral space, allowing other factors to exert greater influence (for example, it creates conditions for high back vowels to be more fronted in a dental stop environment).
Denominal Verbs in the Catechism of M. Petkevičius (1598)
The article presents a study of the denominal suffixal verbs in the Catechism of M. Petkevičius (PC) published in 1598. A total of 70 such verbs were found in this source, and they are divided into four categories of denominal verbs: factitive, similative, stative and participatory meanings. The article presents the frequency of PC denominal suffixes, the features of the base words, and the general trends in the derivation of PC deno- minatives. The paper also focuses on the more complex cases of derivational interpretation.
Stress Retraction in the Manuscript Sources of the Eastern Aukštaitian Subdialect of Utena from the 1950s and 1960s
The article examines manuscript sources of the Eastern Aukštaitian subdialect of Utena from the 1950s and 1960s, stored in the Dialect Archive of the Centre of Geolinguistics at the Institute of the Lithuanian Language, from the perspective of accentuation. The study aims to identify the stress retraction phenomena that were in effect in the Utena subdialect in the mid-20th century and to discuss the nature and distribution of this phenomenon within the subdialect area. The analysis reveals an uneven and rather late formation of stress retraction as a rule in the Utena subdialect. Drawing on 19th-century texts (from the 1860s to the 1880s) covering the subdialects of Kupiškis, Anykščiai, and Utena (which belong to the eastern part of the Eastern Aukštaitian dialect), published by the German linguist Franz Specht in Litauische Mundarten gesammelt von A. Baranowski in Leipzig, as well as 20th-century descriptions of subdialects (from the 1950s and 1960s), the article provides new insights into the nature of stress retraction in the Utena subdialect. It is assumed that between the 1950s and mid-1960s, a more intensive rather than weak conditional stress retraction rule was forming in the northern part and western periphery of the Utena subdialect, an area previously assigned to the weak conditional stress retraction by the compilers of the Atlas of the Lithuanian Language (1982).
Motherhood in the Worldview of the Lithuanian Language (Based on the Associations of the Word mama (En. Mom) and the Compounds of the Words motiniškas, -a (En. Motherly), motiniškai (En. in a Motherly Way)
The article describes part of the content of the concept MOTINA (En. MOTHER), which belongs to the Lithuanian worldview. Using the results of the analysis of the association field of the word mama (En. mom), all forms of the adjectives motiniškas, -a (En. motherly) and the compounds of the adverb motiniškai (En. in a motherly way), the paper aims to summarise the perception of what a mother is in the Lithuanian language worldview, and the behavioural patterns that are typical of her. The paper is based on the analysis of the results of the free association experiment and the analysis of the examples from the Current Lithuanian Language textbook compiled at the Centre for Computational Linguistics of Vytautas Magnus University in Kaunas. The research presented in the paper provides information about the content of the MOTINA (En. MOTHER) concept and adds to what is already known about the peculiarities of world categorisation in the worldview of Lithuanians.
Copyright (c) 2025 Silvija Papaurėlytė-Klovienė
Varia Onomastica: Sarmato-Alanica (Danapria, Bohus)
The research is aimed at singling out the Iranian language heritage in the toponymy of the Dnieper and the Bug regions. In particular, it dwells upon the reconstruction of the Sarmatian-Alanian lexical stratum, whose existence does not run counter to the data of the history and archaeology of the areas under investigation. The research has resulted in the reconstruction of 20 lexemes supposed to be affiliated with the vocabulary of Sarmatian and Alanian. Such a conclusion is substantiated by the etymology of the reviewed toponyms, explained due to the vocabulary of the Ossetian language. The latter, in its turn, being the only surviving descendant of the Alanian language, has inherited the typical features of the Sarmatian and Alanian dialects on one side, and the old Eastern Iranian dialects closely related to the dialects of the Alans and Sarmatians, on the other side. A strong argument in favour of the Sarmato-Alanian origin of the reconstructed lexical fund is grounded by a range of exclusive whole-lexical Alanian-Ossetian parallels. Lexical reconstruction is confirmed with certain phonetic and morphological peculiarities inherent only in the structure of the assumed Alanian prototypes and the words from the Ossetian language. The parallels in the reconstructed Sarmato-Alanian vocabulary and the vocabulary of the other Iranian languages are also described.
Naming and Renaming of Watercourses. The Schwappach Case. An Addendum to the German Water Name Book
The origins of hydronyms when, by whom, and why the flowing waters were first named as they are today often remain beyond our full understanding. We can only speculate, relying on etymological hypotheses. For instance, why was the Rhine called *Reinos, or the Danube *Dānewjos? Such questions are deeply tied to the antiquity of these names and the significance or size of the waterways they denote. The situation, however, changes when it comes to renaming a body of water. As the case examined in this article demonstrates, we can precisely trace the individuals and factors involved in a modern renaming or the obstacles preventing it. A telling example from Bavaria illustrates this dynamic: Schwappach, though a relatively short tributary of the Main, became the focus of a renaming effort. Notably, it took the dedicated involvement of two local historians to initiate the process. Their efforts highlight broader issues related to geogeography, settlement history, and name transmission. Additionally, the etymology of the hydronym Schwappach plays a crucial role and is reexamined in light of these developments.
The Radziwiłłs and Their Horses: Hipponyms in 17th- and 18th-Century Inventories of the Magnate Family’s Herds
The article examines the hipponyms (proper names for horses) recorded in the inventories of the Radziwiłł family’s herds in the 17th and 18th centuries, predominantly located in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. A total of 434 lexical units were identified, consisting of 106 female and 328 male forms. Analysis of these names reveals that they were not arbitrary but part of a deliberate naming system. The names referred to various cha-racteristics of the animals, including their appearance, behaviour, and possibly their places of origin. Some names were associated with “femininity” and beauty in the case of mares, while those for male horses often referred to fighting, courage, and offices. Greek and Roman mythology served as a significant source of inspiration for many hipponyms, while others were derived from the names of animal species. Many were also connected to the widely understood Muslim world. The languages most frequently represented among the names were Polish, Turkish, and Italian. The authors of the sources likely wrote only in Polish and were not well-educated, which may explain the distorted forms encountered.
On the Etymology of Lithuanian alėti, almuo, almė, elmės, etc. and Their Relationship to the German Place Name Ulm and Its Cognates
Lith. alėti ‘to flow, to drizzle, to hurry’, nualėti ‘to inundate (fields), to flow over’, almuõ (3) m. ‘pus’, álmė (1), almė (4) f. ‘matter flowing out of a body’, elmės (4) f. Pl. ‘id.’ have been traditionally etymologized as deriving from a root meaning ‘to flow’. This article argues instead that these words originate from at least two distinct Proto-Indo-European (PIE) roots. On the one hand, they may be linked to PIE *h1elh2- ‘to drive somewhere’ or PIE *h2elh2- ‘to go around aimlessly, to wander around’. On the other hand, some of them appear to derive from PIE *h1el(H)- ‘to be foul, rotten’. The root PIE *h1el(H)- ‘to be foul, rotten’ also underlies the place-name NHG Ulm and related toponyms in Germany. These names can be connected to PGerm. *ulma- ‘foul(ness), putrid(ity)’. Among the three prevailing explanations for these names, one can be ruled out entirely, while the remaining two others are semantically plausible — but only one of them also fits phonologically. The proposal to connect the names to the root PGerm. *u̯al(l)‑, *u̯ul‑ ‘to boil, to seethe’ is impossible. The alternative hypothesis — interpreting them as ‘Old European’ hydronyms, at first proposed by Hans Krahe — remains possible but requires revision. However, since a Germanic explanation free of semantic and phonological contradictions can be provided, it is methodologically preferable to the ‘Old European’ hypothesis.
historical phonology of the Germanic languages
The article analyses the isolated Old Prussian word poaris ‘mole cricket’ from the point of view of word formation and etymology. For this reason, all published etymological attempts are collected and evaluated. Finally, a new solution is proposed, operating with the IE root *per- ‘to step over, pass across; penetrate’, which allows us to derive from the same root the designation of ‘worm’ in Middle Iranian Sogdian, Khotanese and in several modern Iranian languages from Pamir. The common semantic denominator for the zoonyms ‘mole cricket’ and ‘worm’ is ‘penetrating one’.
Exploring Scaled AIC within English closed compounds
The Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) is an established goodness-of-fit measure for selecting models in the analysis of empirical data. However, AIC is sensitive to sample size. Author’s previous research has shown that Scaled AIC, i.e. AIC divided by sample size, is an effective tool for assessing model fit and hierarchizing regression models. The present study explores further properties of this variable. The object of investigation are 66 multiple regression models referring to the processing of closed (concatenated) English compounds taken from Gagné et al.’s (2019) Large Database of English Compounds (LADEC). In particular, Scaled AIC is juxtaposed to the English Lexicon Project (ELP) and British Lexicon Project (BLP) as sources of response times, the lexical decision and naming tasks, compound length, and transparency norms. One-way ANOVA, main effects analysis, and non-parametric tests are used as methods. The findings suggest that Scaled AIC is responsive to experimental design, the source of response times, and the lexical decision and naming tasks. At the same time, the results of this study offer empirical support for the validation of methods employed by Gagné et al. (2019).
Copyright (c) 2024 Chariton Charitonidis
Exploring Endearing Metaphors among Swahili Youths in Mombasa County, Kenya: Insights from Conceptual Mappings
Swahili youths in Mombasa County to woo their beloved. The research was anchored within a descriptive research design. Primary data was collected from four purposively sampled Swahili male youths through an interview schedule. The collected data were then subjected to the Metaphor Identification Procedure Vrije Universitei (MIPVU) in which four annotators were used to identify endearing metaphors. Seven endearing metaphors that are commonly used by the Male Swahili youths in Mombasa County were identified through MIPVU. The endearing metaphors were then subjected to the principle of conceptual mappings to reveal their meaning. The paper reveals that young Swahili men in Mombasa County use endearing metaphors to express affection, admiration, and romantic interest in their beloved. They also use these metaphors to inspire a sense of connection and emotional intimacy while aiming at building a relationship based on care and mutual affection. The study concludes that endearing metaphors are useful communication tools, and should be interpreted within the Cognitive Linguistics framework.
Copyright (c) 2024 Victor 0. Ntabo, Catherine W. Ndung’u
Evolution of Abstracting Metaphors in Modern Japanese J-pop Lyrics: Analysis of Linguistic Devices
This study investigates the use of metaphorical language in the second single by 25ji Nightcord de, focusing on the identification and analysis of different metaphor types and their expressions. Through qualitative descriptive analysis employing listening and recording techniques, combined with a referential pairing method, the study reveals three distinct categories of metaphors. The findings demonstrate a predominant use of abstracting metaphors (18 instances), followed by anthropomorphic metaphors (3 instances), and synesthetic metaphors (1 instance). Analysis of these 22 metaphorical expressions reveals diverse semantic interpretations that contribute to the song’s artistic and emotional depth. The prevalence of abstracting metaphors suggests a tendency toward conceptual abstraction in contemporary songwriting. Future research could explore the evolution of metaphorical patterns across multiple singles or compare metaphorical usage across different musical genres within similar linguistic contexts.
Copyright (c) 2024 Fince L Sambeka, Muhammad I. Ali
Evaldas Švageris, Jolita Urbanavičienė. Lietuvių kalbos balsių formantinę struktūrą ir trukmę lemiančių veiksnių sąveika bei hierarchija
Kruopščios ir sąžiningos kalbininkės jubiliejus
Nomination and Motivation of the Names of Aquatic Animals in the Northern Samogitian Subdialect
This article presents a study of the Northern Samogitian lexical thematic group of aquatic animals names. The research aims to identify the lexemes used to name water animals in this regional dialect and to study the nomination and motivation features of these names. The research employs a methodological approach that integrates complex linguistic analysis. The empirical material is drawn from the Lietuvių kalbos žodynas (LKŽe) and dictionaries of the North Samogitian dialect. A thorough analysis of these lexicographical sources has allowed for the determination of the names’ coverage. The study identifies the ratio between motivated and unmotivated lexemes, dominant types and tools of nomination, key features of motivation, and the variety of motivation models.
Dialect Images of the Young Eastern Aukštaitians of Anykščiai, Kupiškis and Utena: Borders and Objective Dialecticity
The article presents a study of the images of the dialect spoken by the young Eastern Aukštaitians of Anykščiai, Kùpiškis and Utenà. The research material is the data on schoolchildren’s attitudes from their answers to the questions in the questionnaire conducted and prepared according to the methodological principles of perceptual dialectology. The data analysis shows that young Eastern Aukštaitians of Utenà (the subjects of Utenà and Rõkiškis) consider themselves the most active users of the dialect code. The Eastern Aukštaitians of Anykščiai (schoolchildren from Anykščiai) also admit to speaking the dialect. The Eastern Aukštaitians of Kùpiškis (schoolchildren from Kùpiškis) tend to distance themselves from this code. Drawn (mental) maps of the dialects reveal the similar attitudes of the subjects. Young Eastern Aukštaitians recognise a person who speaks the dialect mainly by the sound characteristics. The system of the objective dialecticity features of the speakers under research includes not only the fuzzy but also the characteristic and distinguishing traits of the subdialects analysed. The images of dialecticity (places and features) that have emerged from the attitudes of young language users and evaluators allow us to identify the researched members of the language community not only as Eastern Aukštaitians but also as Eastern Aukštaitians of Anykščiai, Kùpiškis and Utenà.
Contextual Substantivisation on the Websites of Higher Education and Vocational Training Institutions
The article addresses the questions of contextual substantivisation based on empirical material collected from the websites of 25 Lithuanian educational institutions – higher education institutions (universities, colleges) and vocational schools. After discussing the concepts of contextual substantivisation and words used in a substantive position, the general trends of contextual substantivisation in the selected sources are reviewed, and the collected examples are analyzed. The thematic groups of words used in a substantive position are identified, and their expression is discussed. Since only adjectives and participles are substantivized on the websites analyzed, the article focuses on contextual substantivisation based solely on this part of speech and verb form. At the end of the article, the reasons for contextual substantivisation in the analyzed websites are discussed.
The System for Automatic Stylometric Analysis of Ukrainian Media Texts TextAttributor 1.0 (Techniques, Means, Functionality)
This paper presents the structure, algorithms, implementation, and experimental results of the automatic TextAttributor system developed by the authors of the paper for statistical Ukrainian-language text parameterisation using a multiparametric set of statistical indices, characterising the author’s text style and applicable to authorship attribution tasks. Based on the created linguistic resources and software, the system generates a linguistic analysis based on the calculated statistical indices and performs a comparative study of two texts. An additional criterion for statistical indexing is the text toxicity index, calculated through the method of verbal identification of toxic sentiment. Authorship and toxicity detection tasks are addressed using two methods: dictionary- and rule-based statistical calculations and machine learning. The current findings implemented in the beta version of TextAttributor are thoroughly examined.
Copyright (c) 2024 Nataliia Darchuk, Oksana Zuban, Valentyna Robeiko, Yuliia Tsyhvintseva, Victor Sorokin, Mykola Sazhok
Disappearance of the auxiliary verb esti in the Lithuanian passive
The prototypical passive voice in Lithuanian is an analytical construction consisting of a passive past participle and the auxiliary verb būti ‘to be’. Nowadays, the conjugation of this verb in the present tense is regular, except for the suppletive form of the third person yra, an East Baltic innovation, and historically, its original form was esti. Although the development and uses of the verb yra are well described, its development as a passive auxiliary verb has not received enough attention. The paper aims to trace the disappearance of the form esti from the function of an auxiliary verb in the passive constructions based on Old Lithuanian texts from 1547–1816, represented by prints from three historical dialects of Lithuanian.
Nouns with the Suffix -istas, -ė in the Aspect of Variation, Norm and Substandardization of the Current Standard Lithuanian Language
The article examines nouns with the suffix -istas, -ė used to denote persons. These words are characterised by variation, norm fluctuation and innovation in the current Lithuanian language. The article aims to determine potential connections between the usage of new hybrid derivatives with this suffix and the process of sub-standardization of the standard Lithuanian language, which bears significant similarities to the dynamics observed in European standard languages. Until the beginning of the 21st century, the suffix -istas, -ė in Lithuanian was mostly found in loanwords used to name people based on their profession, activity, etc. After examining neologisms of this type recorded in the Lithuanian neologism database, as well as their semantic features and usage contexts, structural and functional innovations are found. First, in lower-prestige usage of Lithuanian (sub-standard), there is an increase in hybrid derivatives that combine native roots with the borrowed suffix -istas, -ė. Second, about two-thirds of these hybrids carry negative connotations and are used to denote persons engaged in undesirable, unproductive, or harmful activities. Their entering into the standard Lithuanian language (mainstem media) can be seen as one of the indicators of sub-standardization of the standard Lithuanian.
Lithuanian–Ukrainian Language Parallels: Etymological Relationship and Typological Similarity
The article aims to confirm an important hypothesis about the existence of separate parallels in the Lithuanian and Ukrainian languages. The absence of common areal boundaries of both languages with striking correspondences at different levels indicates the preservation of common lingual relics of the era of ancient contacts between speakers of Baltic and Slavonic dialects. The exclusivity of the Lithuanian-Ukrainian isoglosses, which do not extend to other languages of the Baltic and Slavonic groups of the Indo-European language family, is most likely the result of close lingual interaction between the Eastern Slavs and the ancestors of modern Lithuanians on the territory outlined by the river network of tributaries of the Dnipro in its upper reaches. Some of the relics turned out to be resistant to evolutionary processes, due to which they “survived” to our time as part of the descendant languages of ancient dialects. Preliminary data collection and linguistic analysis show that very close structural-etymological encounters are presented at several levels of the Lithuanian and Ukrainian language systems, namely, lexical, word formation and textual (phrases with a genetically common composition). The authors include typologically very close textual analogies at the phraseological level among the evidence of the development of joint innovations introduced by the ancestors of the speakers of Lithuanian and Ukrainian speech, which are probably based on common semantic-semiotic models generated by common cultural experiences of the two ethnic groups in the process of contacts.
Addenda etymologica zu den „Anmerkungen zu einigen mit An- beginnenden litauischen Gewässernamen und ihren außerbaltischen Verwandten“
An earlier article made it clear that the “hydronymic root PIE *en-/*on-” is a phantasm. Because of this, hydronyms such as Lith. Anatà and Anýkštė were explained tentatively based on the root PIE *h2en- ‘to haul (water)’. This root, however, is primarily continued in Anatolian, while attestations of the continuation of this root in Western IE languages are rare, partially even dubious. The article offers another form, potentially continuing this root in Western IE, precisely in Germanic. Thus, the assumption that the above-mentioned Lithuanian hydronyms also contain the root PIE *h2en- is supported indirectly
Mapping the Boundaries of Vyžuonos: 15th-Century Personal Names and the Enduring Legacy of North-Eastern Lithuania
The article explores a unique manuscript housed in the Jagiellonian University Library in Krakow, Poland, focusing on a witness interview protocol dated between 1469 and 1477. The protocol highlights two key historical elements relevant to both historical and linguistic research: the Brinkliškės road, which defined part of the Vyžuonos estate boundaries at the time, and the naming of 99 witnesses. The paper delves into the history of protocol archiving, investigates the location and etymology of the Brinkliškės road, and examines the transmission of historical memory. Additionally, the study analyses the witness names to uncover the trends in personal identification and naming practices prevalent in the latter half of the 15th century and the factors influencing these practices.
Copyright (c) 2024 Andrej Ryčkov, Darius Ivoška
Accentuation History of Lithuanian Verbs in -(i)uoti
The article deals with the accentuation history of Lithuanian verbs in -(i)uoti by comparing data from modern dialects, the standard language, and accentuated old texts with the reconstructed state of affairs in the proto-language. In modern Lithuanian, verbs in -(i)uoti are characterized by stress on the suffix, while various attested cases of non-suffix stress testify to the gradual disappearance of this type of accentuation and the establishment of suffix stress. Some cases of non-suffix stress can be considered archaisms (e.g., derivatives from nouns of accentual paradigm 1), while others could be of a later origin, e.g., verbs of the types lkuriuoti and batuoti (with root circumflex as an iconic marker of prolonged action). The latter type is characterized by a large dialectal variety of accentual types, and most of the article is devoted to the study of this variety. In the western area of dialects (especially in Lithuania Minor), non-suffix stress is also possible in other kinds of verbs, e.g., onomatopoeic and other expressive verbs, Germanisms, or remodeled verbs in -(i)oti.
Copyright (c) 2024 Vytautas Rinkevičius, Sandra Lukšaitė-Ramonienė